Публикации

A tropical (or min-plus) semiring is a set $\mathbb{Z}$ (or $\mathbb{Z \cup \{\infty\}}$) endowed with two operations: $\oplus$, which is just usual minimum, and $\odot$, which is usual addition. In tropical algebra a vector $x$ is a solution to a polynomial $g_1(x) \oplus g_2(x) \oplus \ldots \oplus g_k(x)$, where $g_i(x)$'s are tropical monomials, if the minimum in $\min_i(g_{i}(x))$ is attained at least twice. In min-plus algebra solutions of systems of equations of the form $g_1(x)\oplus \ldots \oplus g_k(x) = h_1(x)\oplus \ldots \oplus h_l(x)$ are studied. In this paper we consider computational problems related to tropical linear system. We show that the solvability problem (both over $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Z} \cup \{\infty\}$) and the problem of deciding the equivalence of two linear systems (both over $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Z} \cup \{\infty\}$) are equivalent under polynomial-time reductions to mean payoff games and are also equivalent to analogous problems in min-plus algebra. In particular, all these problems belong to $\mathsf{NP} \cap \mathsf{coNP}$. Thus, we provide a tight connection of computational aspects of tropical linear algebra with mean payoff games and min-plus linear algebra. On the other hand we show that computing the dimension of the solution space of a tropical linear system and of a min-plus linear system is $\mathsf{NP}$-complete.

Joseph Miller [16] and independently Andre Nies, Frank Stephan and Sebastiaan Terwijn [18] gave a complexity characterization of 2-random sequences in terms of plain Kolmogorov complexity C: they are sequences that have infinitely many initial segments with O(1)-maximal plain complexity (among the strings of the same length). Later Miller [17] showed that prefix complexity K can also be used in a similar way: a sequence is 2-random if and only if it has infinitely many initial segments with O(1)-maximal prefix complexity (which is n + K (n) for strings of length n). The known proofs of these results are quite involved; in this paper we provide simple direct proofs for both of them. In [16] Miller also gave a quantitative version of the first result: the 0'-randomness deficiency of a sequence {\omega} equals lim inf [n - C ({\omega}1 . . . {\omega}n)] + O(1). (Our simplified proof can also be used to prove this.) We show (and this seems to be a new result) that a similar quantitative result is also true for prefix complexity: 0'-randomness deficiency equals lim inf [n + K (n) -- K ({\omega}1 . . . {\omega}n)] + O(1). Prefix and plain Kolmogorov complexity characterizations of 2-randomness: simple proofs (PDF Download Available). Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/258082399_Prefix_and_plain_Kolmogorov_complexity_characterizations_of_2-randomness_simple_proofs [accessed Oct 20, 2015].